New Volcanos Erupting This Week: 3- Total Active: 15
in [Physics]
|
Prev: EARTH'S CHANGING MAGNETIC POLES
Next: Quantum Gravity 404.2: Are Random Variables with Memory or with Slow Decay to Infinity Repulsive/Expansive?
From: leonard78sp on 27 Jul 2010 23:13 SI / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 14 July-20 July 2010 3 New+ 12 Ongoing = 15 active New Activity/Unrest: | Gorely, Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | Soufrière Hills, Montserrat | Ubinas, Perú Ongoing Activity: | Batu Tara, Komba Island (Indonesia) | Fuego, Guatemala | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Kilauea, Hawaii (USA) | Kliuchevskoi, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia | Pacaya, Guatemala | Sakura-jima, Kyushu | Santa María, Guatemala | Shiveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Suwanose-jima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | Tungurahua, Ecuador Weekly Report Editor Sally Kuhn Sennert - http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/ http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs This page is updated on Wednesdays, please see the GVP Home Page for news of the latest significant activity. The Weekly VolcanicActivityReport is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey'sVolcanoHazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, notices of volcanicactivityposted on these pages are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earths volcanos erupting during theweek, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports on variousvolcanosare published monthly in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note: Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest
From: leonard78sp on 27 Jul 2010 23:24
Expanded detail omitted SI / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 14 July-20 July 2010 3 New+ 12 Ongoing = 15 active New Activity/Unrest: | Gorely, Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | Soufrière Hills, Montserrat | Ubinas, Perú Ongoing Activity: | Batu Tara, Komba Island (Indonesia) | Fuego, Guatemala | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Kilauea, Hawaii (USA) | Kliuchevskoi, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia | Pacaya, Guatemala | Sakura-jima, Kyushu | Santa María, Guatemala | Shiveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Suwanose-jima, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) | Tungurahua, Ecuador Weekly Report Editor Sally Kuhn Sennert - http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/ http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs This page is updated on Wednesdays, please see the GVP Home Page for news of the latest significant activity. The Weekly VolcanicActivityReport is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey'sVolcanoHazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, notices of volcanicactivityposted on these pages are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earths volcanos erupting during theweek, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports on variousvolcanosare published monthly in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Note: Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source. New Activity/Unrest GORELY Southern Kamchatka (Russia) 52.558°N, 158.03°E; summit elev. 1829 m KVERT reported that during 9-16 July seismic activity from Gorely was above background levels, and gas-and-steam emissions rose from the crater most days. On 10 July, data suggested that the vent on the crater's inner NE wall, above the level of the lake, had grown by 2-3 times the original size. The lake level had also fallen. Analysis of satellite imagery showed a thermal anomaly over Gorely on 8, 10, 12, and 14 July, and gas-and-steam plumes that drifted 25-150 km SE, E, and S during 10 and 14-15 July. The Level of Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow. Geologic Summary. Gorely volcano, one of the most active in southern Kamchatka, consists of five small overlapping stratovolcanoes constructed along a WNW-ESE line within a large 9 x 13.5 km late- Pleistocene caldera. The massive Gorely complex contains 11 summit and 30 flank craters. During the early Holocene, activity was characterized by frequent mild eruptions with occasional larger explosions and lava flows that filled in the caldera. Quiescent periods became longer between 6,000 and 2,000 years ago, after which the activity was mainly explosive. About 600-650 years ago intermittent strong explosions and lava flow effusion accompanied frequent mild eruptions. Historical eruptions have consisted of vulcanian and phreatic explosions of moderate volume. Map Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) Gorely Information from the Global Volcanism Program SOUFRIERE HILLS Montserrat 16.72°N, 62.18°W; summit elev. 915 m MVO reported that activity at Soufrière Hills was low during 9-16 July. Helicopter observations on 15 July revealed no major changes to the lava dome, although there were some fresh rockfall and small pyroclastic-flow deposits at the head of the Gages valley to the W. The next day, heavy rainfall generated a few lahars in the Belham valley to the NW. The Hazard Level remained at 3. Geologic Summary. The complex dominantly andesitic Soufrière Hills volcano occupies the southern half of the island of Montserrat. The summit area consists primarily of a series of lava domes emplaced along an ESE-trending zone. English's Crater, a 1-km-wide crater breached widely to the E, was formed during an eruption about 4,000 years ago in which the summit collapsed, producing a large submarine debris avalanche. Block-and-ash flow and surge deposits associated with dome growth predominate in flank deposits at Soufrière Hills. Non- eruptive seismic swarms occurred at 30-year intervals in the 20th century, but with the exception of a 17th-century eruption that produced the Castle Peak lava dome, no historical eruptions were recorded on Montserrat until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows that forced evacuation of the southern half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption. Map Source: Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) Soufrière Hills Information from the Global Volcanism Program UBINAS Perú 16.355°S, 70.903°W; summit elev. 5672 m Based on a pilot observation and analyses of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 18 July an ash plume from Ubinas drifted NE. A subsequent report about 12 hours later stated that no further activity was seen. Geologic Summary. A small, 1.2-km-wide caldera that cuts the top of Ubinas, Peru's most active volcano, gives it a truncated appearance. Ubinas is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic front of Peru. The upper slopes of the stratovolcano, composed primarily of Pleistocene andesitic lava flows, steepen to nearly 45 degrees. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit caldera contains an ash cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep. Debris- avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank of Ubinas extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread Plinian pumice-fall deposits from Ubinas include some of Holocene age. Holocene lava flows are visible on the volcano's flanks, but historical activity, documented since the 16th century, has consisted of intermittent minor explosive eruptions. Map Source: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Ubinas Information from the Global Volcanism Program Ongoing Activity BATU TARA Komba Island (Indonesia) 7.792°S, 123.579°E; summit elev. 748 m Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 18-20 July ash plumes from Batu Tara rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted more than 35 km NW. Geologic Summary. The small isolated island of Batu Tara in the Flores Sea about 50 km north of Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island contains a scarp on the eastern side similar to the Sciara del Fuoco of Italy's Stromboli volcano. Vegetation covers the flanks of Batu Tara to within 50 m of the 748-m-high summit. Batu Tara lies north of the main volcanic arc and is noted for its potassic leucite-bearing basanitic and tephritic rocks. The first historical eruption from Batu Tara, during 1847-52, produced explosions and a lava flow. Map Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) Batu Tara Information from the Global Volcanism Program FUEGO Guatemala 14.473°N, 90.880°W; summit elev. 3763 m INSIVUMEH reported on 19 July that six explosions from Fuego produced ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 4.4 km (14,400 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and SW. Rumbling and "degassing" sounds were associated with the explosions. Light ashfall was reported in Sangre de Cristo, 10 km WSW. The seismic network had recorded a total of 17 explosions within the previous 24 hours. Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between 3,763-m-high Fuego and its twin volcano to the N, Acatenango. Construction of Meseta volcano continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene, after which growth of the modern Fuego volcano continued the southward migration of volcanism that began at Acatenango. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded at Fuego since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. The last major explosive eruption from Fuego took place in 1974, producing spectacular pyroclastic flows visible from Antigua. Map Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) Fuego Information from the Global Volcanism Program KARYMSKY Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) 54.05°N, 159.45°E; summit elev. 1536 m KVERT reported that satellite imagery showed ash plumes from Karymsky drifting 30 km W and S on 7 and 8 July and a thermal anomaly over the volcano during 8-10 and 12 July. Seismic activity was above background levels during 12-14 July and suggested that possible ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.3 km (10,800 ft) a.s.l. Seismic data were not available other days during 9-16 July due to technical problems. Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 19 July a possible eruption produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. Ash was noted and then later dissipated. A possible eruption was reported the next day, and again a subsequent satellite image showed that ash had dissipated within a few hours. The Aviation Color Code level remained at Orange. Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed about 7,600-7,700 radiocarbon years ago. Construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about 2,000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2,300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been Vulcanian or Vulcanian-Strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions has originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, which is located immediately S of Karymsky volcano and erupted simultaneously with Karymsky in 1996. Map Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Karymsky Information from the Global Volcanism Program KILAUEA Hawaii (USA) 19.421°N, 155.287°W; summit elev. 1222 m During 14-20 July HVO reported that activity at Kilauea continued from the summit and the east rift zone. At the summit, the level of a lava- pool surface in the deep pit within the floor of Halema'uma'u crater remained mostly stable; glow from the vent was also visible at night. A plume from the vent mainly drifted SW. At the east rift zone, two lava flows that broke out of the TEB lava-tube system advanced E through the coastal highway 130/137 intersection beginning on 17 July, and by 19 July were within 70 m of the nearest structure. A second set of active lava lobes were approximately 1 km to the NW and also advanced toward that general area. According to a news article, two people evacuated their home in Kalapana due to advancing lava flows. Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from the East rift zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering more than 100 sq km, destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new coastline to the island. Map Sources: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), Associated Press Kilauea Information from the Global Volcanism Program KLIUCHEVSKOI Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.057°N, 160.638°E; summit elev. 4835 m KVERT reported that during 9-16 July seismic activity from Kliuchevskoi was above background levels. Satellite imagery analysis showed a large daily thermal anomaly over the volcano and a gas-and- ash plume that drifted 45 km NW on 14 July. Strombolian activity and gas-and-ash emissions were observed during 9, 12, and 14-15 July. Ash plumes occasionally rose to an altitude of 6.8 km (22,300 ft) a.s.l. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and information from KVERT, the Tokyo VAAC reported a possible eruption on 17 July. Ash was seen in satellite imagery and then later dissipated. An eruption on 19 July and a possible eruption the next day produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 5.2-5.5 km (17,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and SE. The Aviation Color Code level remained at Orange. Geologic Summary. Kliuchevskoi is Kamchatka's highest and most active volcano. Since its origin about 7,000 years ago, the beautifully symmetrical, 4,835-m-high basaltic stratovolcano has produced frequent moderate-volume explosive and effusive eruptions without major periods of inactivity. More than 100 flank eruptions, mostly on the NE and SE flanks of the conical volcano between 500 m and 3,600 m elevation, have occurred during the past 3,000 years. The morphology of its 700-m- wide summit crater has been frequently modified by historical eruptions, which have been recorded since the late-17th century. Historical eruptions have originated primarily from the summit crater, but have also included major explosive and effusive events from flank craters. Map Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Kliuchevskoi Information from the Global Volcanism Program NEVADO DEL RUIZ Colombia 4.895°N, 75.322°W; summit elev. 5321 m The Washington VAAC reported that a plume at an altitude of 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. from a possible eruption from Nevado del Ruiz on 17 July was stated in a Bogota MWO SIGMET notice. A second VAAC report less than an hour later noted a brief seismic signal alert had been issued and that meteorological cloud cover prevented observations of the volcano. Ash was not seen in satellite imagery later that day nor were there any additional reports of activity. [INGEOMINAS later confirmed that no eruption had occurred.] Geologic Summary. Nevado del Ruiz is a broad, glacier-covered volcano in central Colombia that covers >200 sq km. Three major edifices, composed of andesitic and dacitic lavas and andesitic pyroclastics, have been constructed since the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern cone consists of a broad cluster of lava domes built within the summit caldera of an older Ruiz volcano. The 1-km-wide, 240-m-deep Arenas crater occupies the summit. Steep headwalls of massive landslides cut the flanks of Nevado del Ruiz. Melting of its summit icecap during historical eruptions, which date back to the 16th century, has resulted in devastating lahars, including one in 1985 that was South America's deadliest eruption. Map Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Nevado del Ruiz Information from the Global Volcanism Program PACAYA Guatemala 14.381°N, 90.601°W; summit elev. 2552 m INSIVUMEH reported that, after an increase in Pacaya's activity on 13 July, a decrease in seismicity was noted on 14 July. Strombolian explosions occurred on 14 July at 5-10 minute intervals, and occasional small pyroclastic flows traveled S. Gray ash plumes rose 500 m and drifted WSW. On 19 July, fumarolic plumes rose 100 m above MacKenney crater and drifted N. The seismic network had recorded a total of 120 explosions within the previous 24 hours. On 20 July Strombolian explosions generated ash plumes that rose 100 m and drifted 2 km N. Geologic Summary. Eruptions from Pacaya, one of Guatemala's most active volcanoes, are frequently visible from Guatemala City, the nation's capital. Pacaya is a complex volcano constructed on the southern rim of the 14 x 16 km Pleistocene Amatitlan caldera. A cluster of dacitic lava domes occupies the caldera floor. The Pacaya massif includes the Cerro Grande lava dome and a younger volcano to the SW. Collapse of Pacaya volcano about 1,100 years ago produced a debris-avalanche deposit that extends 25 km onto the Pacific coastal plain and left an arcuate somma rim inside which the modern Pacaya volcano (MacKenney cone) grew. During the past several decades, activity at Pacaya has consisted of frequent Strombolian eruptions with intermittent lava flow extrusion on the flanks of MacKenney cone, punctuated by occasional larger explosive eruptions. Map Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) Pacaya Information from the Global Volcanism Program SAKURA-JIMA Kyushu 31.585°N, 130.657°E; summit elev. 1117 m Based on JMA notices, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Sakura- jima on 14 and 20 July. During 15-18 July pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, N, and NW. Plumes on 20 July rose as high as 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and N. Geologic Summary. Sakura-jima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes, is a post-caldera cone of the Aira caldera at the northern half of Kagoshima Bay. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow was associated with the formation of the 17 x 23-km-wide Aira caldera about 22,000 years ago. The construction of Sakura-jima began about 13,000 years ago and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kita-dake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minami-dake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76. Map Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Sakura-jima Information from the Global Volcanism Program SANTA MARIA Guatemala 14.756°N, 91.552°W; summit elev. 3772 m INSIVUMEH reported that 16 explosions from Santa María's Santiaguito lava dome complex during 19-20 July produced ash plumes that rose 300-900 m above Santiaguito and drifted SE and W. Ashfall was reported downwind in San José and La Quina. The seismic network had recorded a total of 24 explosions within the 48 hour period. Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is one of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rises dramatically above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The stratovolcano has a sharp- topped, conical profile that is cut on the SW flank by a large, 1-km- wide crater, which formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902 and extends from just below the summit to the lower flank. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 followed a long repose period and devastated much of SW Guatemala. The large dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four westward-younging vents, accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions and periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. Map Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) Santa María Information from the Global Volcanism Program SHIVELUCH Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev. 3283 m KVERT reported that during 9-16 July seismic activity from Shiveluch was above background levels and suggested that possible ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (12,100 ft) a.s.l. Satellite imagery showed a large daily thermal anomaly over the lava dome. Gas-and-steam plumes were seen rising to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,100 ft) a.s.l. during 9 and 11-14 July. Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Tokyo VAAC reported a possible eruption on 19 July. Ash was seen in subsequent satellite images and then later dissipated. The Aviation Color Code level remained at Orange. Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within a large breached caldera formed by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch volcano. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Intermittent explosive eruptions began in the 1990s from a new lava dome that began growing in 1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch occurred in 1854 and 1964. Map Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Shiveluch Information from the Global Volcanism Program SUWANOSE-JIMA Ryukyu Islands (Japan) 29.635°N, 129.716°E; summit elev. 799 m Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Suwanose-jima on 17 and 19 July. Details of possible resulting plumes were not reported. Geologic Summary. The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanose- jima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two historically active summit craters. Only about 50 persons live on the sparsely populated island. The summit of the volcano is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse. Suwanose-jima, one of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from On-take, the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and lasted nearly a half century. The largest historical eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas, after which the island was uninhabited for about 70 years. The SW crater produced lava flows that reached the western coast in 1813, and lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884. Map Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Suwanose-jima Information from the Global Volcanism Program TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.467°S, 78.442°W; summit elev. 5023 m Observations of Tungurahua's summit area during 13-20 July were sometimes not possible due to inclement weather. On 13 July incandescent blocks were seen rolling down the flanks at night and ashfall was reported in areas 8 km SW. Incandescence from the crater was seen the next night and ashfall was again reported in areas to the SW. During 15-18 July steam-and-ash plumes were observed and occasionally drifted SW. Ashfall was noted in areas within 8 km SW, W, and NW. Lahars descended drainages to the SW, NW, and N on 15 July. Rolling blocks on the flanks were seen after explosions on 18 July. During 19-20 July steam plumes drifted NW and W. Geologic Summary. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano towers more than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito, Ecuador's capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. Historical eruptions have all originated from the summit crater. They have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached populated areas at the volcano's base. The last major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918, although minor activity continued until 1925. The latest eruption began in October 1999 and prompted temporary evacuation of the town of Baños on the N side of the volcano. Map Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG) Tungurahua Information from the Global Volcanism Program Additional Reports of Volcanic Activity by Country The following websites have frequently updated activity reports on volcanoes in addition to those that meet the criteria for inclusion in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. The websites are organized by country and are maintained by various agencies. Ecuador, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, United States and Russia Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/ Global Volcanism Program Department of Mineral Sciences National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution |