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From: Alfred Bovin on 7 May 2010 18:46
Hi all.

I'm doing some work on a commercial black box system with three sensors that
are being sampled at 10 Hz. One of the sensors are running freely, while the
two other sensors are polled by a linux computer. For one of the polled
sensors there is a unpredictable delay from when I request data to it is
being received.

This means that I'm basically getting the information from the three sources
at different point on the time line. For offline processing purposes I need
to interpolate and resample so that I get the measurements at the same point
in time.

If we assume constant sampling time Ts = 1/10 s and proper bandlimiting in
the hardware, I get the following samplings of the signals x1(t), x2(t) and
x3(t):
x1(n * Ts), x2(n * Ts + delta2) and x3(n * Ts + delta3)
with n being an integer and delta2, delta3 are constant but random offsets
determined by unpredictable initial conditions. I can, however, get rather
precise time stamps for every measurement.

For example I can get readings
from sensor1 at 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ... sec
from sensor 2 at 0.0, 0.07, 0.17, 0.27, ... sec
from sensor 3 at 0.08, 0.18, 0.28, 0.38, ... sec

My idea is then to reconstruct the x(t)'s with standard windows sinc
interpolation and then resample at 10 Hz at the same time points for all
three signal. What will work, won't it?

Due to non real-time behaviour of the controller the propagation delay for
sensor 3 is not constant, so I have a time dependency on delta3 - or
basically a random variable for which I do not know the distribution. My
intuition says that when I'm analyzing offline and know the time of arrival
for each sampling from sensor 3 I can do a better reconstruction by taking
that into account.

In uniform sinc reconstruction we place the scaled sinc function at every
sample with zero crossing at the other samples and compute the
superposition. In the non-uniform case there will be an error since the zero
crossing will not occur at the other samples. How can this be enforced?

Thanks in advance!


From: robert bristow-johnson on 7 May 2010 19:00
On May 7, 6:46 pm, "Alfred Bovin" <alf...(a)bovin.invalid> wrote:
> Hi all.
>
> I'm doing some work on a commercial black box system with three sensors that
> are being sampled at 10 Hz. One of the sensors are running freely, while the
> two other sensors are polled by a linux computer. For one of the polled
> sensors there is a unpredictable delay from when I request data to it is
> being received.
>
> This means that I'm basically getting the information from the three sources
> at different point on the time line. For offline processing purposes I need
> to interpolate and resample so that I get the measurements at the same point
> in time.
>
> If we assume constant sampling time Ts =  1/10 s and proper bandlimiting in
> the hardware, I get the following samplings of the signals x1(t), x2(t) and
> x3(t):
> x1(n * Ts), x2(n * Ts + delta2) and x3(n * Ts + delta3)
> with n being an integer and delta2, delta3 are constant but random offsets
> determined by unpredictable initial conditions. I can, however, get rather
> precise time stamps for every measurement.
>
> For example I can get readings
> from sensor1 at 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ... sec
> from sensor 2 at 0.0, 0.07, 0.17, 0.27, ... sec
> from sensor 3 at 0.08, 0.18, 0.28, 0.38, ... sec
>
> My idea is then to reconstruct the x(t)'s with standard windows sinc
> interpolation and then resample at 10 Hz at the same time points for all
> three signal. What will work, won't it?
>

it should work if you know the actual sampling times for each sensor.


> Due to non real-time behaviour of the controller the propagation delay for
> sensor 3 is not constant, so I have a time dependency on delta3 - or
> basically a random variable for which I do not know the distribution. My
> intuition says that when I'm analyzing offline and know the time of arrival
> for each sampling from sensor 3 I can do a better reconstruction by taking
> that into account.
>
> In uniform sinc reconstruction we place the scaled sinc function at every
> sample with zero crossing at the other samples and compute the
> superposition. In the non-uniform case there will be an error since the zero
> crossing will not occur at the other samples. How can this be enforced?

for non-uniform sampling, you have a sorta problem. you can try to
fit polynomials between the points, or non-uniformly "stretch" the
sinc function so that the zero crossings *do* go through the other
samples. not necessarily a good way to do it.

r b-j
From: Alfred Bovin on 7 May 2010 19:08
"robert bristow-johnson" <rbj(a)audioimagination.com> wrote in message
news:d855f449-35ca-4e50-96d2-31c96f52d692(a)h11g2000vbo.googlegroups.com...
On May 7, 6:46 pm, "Alfred Bovin" <alf...(a)bovin.invalid> wrote:

>> In uniform sinc reconstruction we place the scaled sinc function at every
>> sample with zero crossing at the other samples and compute the
>> superposition. In the non-uniform case there will be an error since the
>> zero
>> crossing will not occur at the other samples. How can this be enforced?

>for non-uniform sampling, you have a sorta problem. you can try to
>fit polynomials between the points, or non-uniformly "stretch" the
>sinc function so that the zero crossings *do* go through the other
>samples. not necessarily a good way to do it.

I guess that a method that would be quite easy to implement would be to do a
Lagrange interpolation and read off the values at the same points on the
interpolated functions.

Since we know that sinc interpolation is the limit to Lagrange interpolation
in the case of an infinite number of uniformly spaced samples, I could then
get an estimate/visualization of the error (aliasing) comming from both the
finite number of samples and the non-uniformness by Fourier transforming the
specific lagrange transfer function and compare it to the ideal brickwall
response from sinc.

Does that make sense?


From: Vladimir Vassilevsky on 7 May 2010 19:28


Alfred Bovin wrote:

> This means that I'm basically getting the information from the three sources
> at different point on the time line. For offline processing purposes I need
> to interpolate and resample so that I get the measurements at the same point
> in time.

[...]

> In uniform sinc reconstruction we place the scaled sinc function at every
> sample with zero crossing at the other samples and compute the
> superposition. In the non-uniform case there will be an error since the zero
> crossing will not occur at the other samples. How can this be enforced?

Good problem. You can proceed in two ways:

1. Build a fixed time grid with fine step in time, so a sample time
could be assumed at the nearest point of the grid. Do sinc interpolation
in this grid.

2. Use a polynomial interpolation x(t). Lagrange interpolation through
unequally spaced points would be the simplest; however that requires a
solution of linear system of equations at every step.


Vladimir Vassilevsky
DSP and Mixed Signal Design Consultant
http://www.abvolt.com
From: Steve Pope on 7 May 2010 19:46
robert bristow-johnson <rbj(a)audioimagination.com> wrote:

>for non-uniform sampling, you have a sorta problem. you can try to
>fit polynomials between the points, or non-uniformly "stretch" the
>sinc function so that the zero crossings *do* go through the other
>samples. not necessarily a good way to do it.

There's a very good way to do this problem.

The Lagrangian interpolator is often used with equally spaced
abcissas, however it can just as easily be stated for
non-equally-spaced absicssas:

f(x) =~ (sum over i=0 to n) (f(x[i]) * N[x] / D[i])

where

N[x] = (product from j=0 to n) (x - x[j])

D[i] = (product from j=0 to n, j!=i) (x[i] - x[j])

You have to pick how many datapoints to use, but four (two before,
and two after the time point of interest) is often a good choice.

Steve
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