SYNTAX
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From: Exploit me. on 29 Mar 2010 12:22 less [options] <command> | less [options] Moving Commands: Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N. Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given. e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines). y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines). f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines). b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines). z * Forward one window (and set window to N). w * Backward one window (and set window to N). ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of- file. d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N). u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N). ESC-( RightArrow * Left 8 character positions (or N positions). ESC-) LeftArrow * Right 8 character positions (or N positions). F Forward forever; like "tail -f". r ^R ^L Repaint screen. R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input. h H Display this help. q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit. --------------------------------------------------- Default "window" is the screen height. Default "half-window" is half of the screen height. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Searching Commands: /pattern * Search forward for (N-th) matching line. ?pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line. n * Repeat previous search (for N-th occurrence). N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction. ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files. ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files. ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting. --------------------------------------------------- Search patterns may be modified by one or more of: ^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines. ^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE). ^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?). ^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position). ^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jumping commands: g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line N). G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line N). p % * Go to beginning of file (or N percent into file). { ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ]. } ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [. ESC-^F * Find close bracket . ESC-^B * Find open bracket --------------------------------------------------- Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket matching the (N-th) open bracket in the top line. Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket matching the (N-th) close bracket in the bottom line. m Mark the current position with . ' Go to a previously marked position. '' Go to the previous position. ^X^X Same as '. --------------------------------------------------- A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter. Certain marks are predefined: ^ means beginning of the file $ means end of the file --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changing files: :e [file] Examine a new file. ^X^V Same as :e. :n * Examine the (N-th) next file from the command line. :p * Examine the (N-th) previous file from the command line. :x * Examine the first (or N-th) file from the command line. :d Delete the current file from the command line list. = ^G :f Print current file name. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Miscellaneous Commands: - Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below]. -- Toggle a command line option, by name. _ Display the setting of a command line option. __ Display the setting of an option, by name. +cmd Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined. !command Execute the shell command with $SHELL. |Xcommand Pipe file between current pos & mark X to shell command. v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR. V Print version number of "less". --------------------------------------------------------------------------- OPTIONS: FINDING: -a ........ --search-skip-screen Forward search, skips current screen. -g ........ --hilite-search Highlight only last match for searches. -G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH Don't highlight any matches for searches. -h [N] .... --max-back-scroll=[N] Backward scroll limit. -i ........ --ignore-case Ignore case in searches. -I ........ --IGNORE-CASE Ignore case in searches and in search patterns. -j [N] .... --jump-target=[N] Screen position of target lines. -p [pattern] --pattern=[pattern] Start at pattern (from command line). -t [tag] .. --tag=[tag] Find a tag. -T [tagsfile] --tag-file=[tagsfile] Use an alternate tags file. -y [N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[N] Forward scroll limit. DISPLAY OPTIONS: -D [xn.n] . --color=xn.n Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only) -c -C .... --clear-screen --CLEAR-SCREEN Repaint by scrolling/clearing. -P [prompt] --prompt=[prompt] Define new prompt. -m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT Set prompt style. -n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS Use line numbers. -r ........ --raw-control-chars Output "raw" control characters. -s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines Squeeze multiple blank lines. -S ........ --chop-long-lines Chop long lines. -w ........ --hilite-unread Highlight first new line after forward-screen. -W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD Highlight first new line after any forward movement. -~ ........ --tilde Don't display tildes after end of file. -z [N] .... --window=[N] Set size of window. FILE OPTIONS: -b [N] .... --buffers=[N] Number of buffers. -B ........ --auto-buffers Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes. -f ........ --force Force open non-regular files. -k [file] . --lesskey-file=[file] Use a lesskey file. -o [file] . --log-file=[file] Copy to log file (standard input only). -O [file] . --LOG-FILE=[file] Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite). MISC OPTIONS: -d ........ --dumb Dumb terminal. -e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF Quit at end of file. -q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT Quiet the terminal bell. -u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL Change handling of backspaces. -x [N] .... --tabs=[N] Set tab stops. -X ........ --no-init Don't use termcap init/deinit strings. -" [c[c]] . --quotes=[c[c]] Set shell quote characters. -? ........ --help Display help (from command line). -V ........ --version Display the version number of "less". --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Line Editing: These keys can be used to edit text being entered on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen. RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character. LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character. CNTL-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word. CNTL-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word. HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line. END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line. BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor. DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor. CNTL-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor. CNTL-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor. CNTL-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line. UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line. DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line. TAB Complete filename & cycle. SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle. CNTL-L Complete filename, list all.E of %
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