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From: Archimedes Plutonium on 19 Dec 2009 20:45


Chapter:
Inverse-Fine-Structure Constant and proton to electron rest mass
explained

A true theory of physics has to explain why the Fine Structure
Constant and the ratio of proton
to electron mass, these two dimensionless constants are what they are.
The Big Bang theory
is silent when it comes to this explaining. The Atom Totality theory
is at home and comfortable
in explaining why these constants are what they are.

Explains the inverse fine-structure constant of 137
Dirac's book DIRECTIONS IN PHYSICS states on page 73 :

--- start of Dirac quote ---

One of these dimensionless constants is the
famous reciprocal of the fine-structure constant
((hbar) x c)/E^2
It is fundamental in the atomic theory, and it has the
value of about 137.
Another dimensionless constant is the ratio of the
mass of the proton to the
mass of the electron, that is to say,
Mp/Me
That constant has the value somewhere near 1840.

--- end of Dirac quote ---

A more accurate measurement as of this writing, the
value is about 1836.1527.

I demonstrate the meaning for both of these
unitless markers of physics which
Dirac talks. Dirac stated that physics will not go
very far until someone can
demonstrate the meaning of the fine-structure marker.

I give the meaning for the ratio of proton
mass divided by electron mass as
follows. The unitless number of the proton mass
divided by the electron mass is
about 1836.1527 which is about 6(pi^5). The last
electron subshell of a
plutonium atom is 5f6. Notice that the two digits of 5
and 6 are in both 6(pi^5)
and 5f6. So for the 6 electrons in the 5f energy shell
gives 6(pi^5). When we
atom, electron parts of a Plutonium Atom Totality
measure the mass ratio of a
proton to an electron inside of (superpositioned onto)
a Plutonium Atom
Totality then the unitless number results as 6(pi^5).
In the next atom
totality of element 95, the mass ratio of proton to
electron as measured by
sacks of life atoms of life in a 95th electron
observable universe will be
7(pi^5).

(A) THE MEANING OF THE INVERSE FINE-STRUCTURE MARKER
FOR THE NEUTRONS. The
physical meaning of the inverse fine-structure marker
for the neutrons is the
fact that there are exactly 137 neutrons in the
nucleus of the Plutonium Atom
Totality, which is the isotope 231(a)94.

The inverse fine-structure marker is a
variable in high energy physics. In
many books it is written as a constant which is
slightly more than the number
137, but this is incorrect with physics experiments.
In high energy physics, the
inverse fine-structure marker or the fine-structure
marker, either one is a
variable. But, over its range of values, the most
frequent value of the inverse
fine-structure marker is the number 137. Statistically
the average value of the
inverse fine-structure variable over its range of
values from high energy
physics to low energy physics is exactly 137. Because
the totality is a
dynamical system due to spontaneous neutron
materialization,i.e. the creation
of new matter in the universe in a logarithmic spiral
rate, then the inverse
fine-structure marker will increase with time since it
is a reflection of the
present atom totality that in the future it will
increase to 138. The inverse
fine-structure marker is exactly 137 neutrons in the
collapsed wavefunction
and in the uncollapsed wavefunction of 231(a)94 when the
value of pi is taken as
exactly equal to 22/7, the inverse fine-structure
marker is exactly
((22/7)^7)/22. It is like QM, when a wave measurement
is made in the double-slit
experiment then the numbers are trigonometric,
continuous. The measurement is
continuous as pi is continuous and transcendental, not
discrete as the Rational
number approximation 22/7. A Rational number is a
collapsed wavefunction into
discreteness from pi as a transcendental number. But
when a particle measurement
in QM is made the numbers are discrete, Rational
numbers.

The Born statistical interpretation of how
to get meaning out of quantum
mechanics, is that you take the absolute square of the
wave function (the wave
function is Complex numbers with i values but the
absolute square value are Real
numbers), where psi is the solution to the
Schroedinger equation. psi = a + ib,
IpsiI^2 = psi' psi,
IpsiI^2 = (a - ib)(a + ib),
IpsiI^2 = (a^2) - (i^2b^2)-(iba)+
(iba),
IpsiI^2 = a^2 + b^2,
When psi = a1psi1 + a2psi2, these amplitudes have no
physical meaning, but then
the square of the amplitudes gives a probability
density function which tells
you the probability of finding an electron at a
certain position at a given time,
where psi'psi = (a1'psi1' + a2'psi2') x (a1psi1+
a2psi2) = Ia1I^2Ipsi1I^2 +
Ia2I^2Ipsi2I^2 + a1a2'psi1psi2' + a1'a2psi1'psi2.
Then one way in which you
can interpret this square is that it is the
probability of finding the electron
at a certain position at a given time. In another
interpretation, with a
different set of eigenvalues, replacing electron
position for the number of
neutrons in the nucleus, then the wavefunction is a
statistical average of the
number of neutrons in the atom totality. Thus using a
Born statistical
interpretation of the probability amplitudes for the
number of neutrons of the
Plutonium Atom Totality is seen to be exactly the
number 137.

A list of some of the radioactive isotopes
follows. A Born statistical
interpretation would require all the radioactive
elements after stable bismuth
and would require a correlation with the relative
abundance of these isotopes.
Element @85, isotope 219(a)85 has 134 neutrons, 85
protons. No @85 isotope with
137 neutrons.
Element @86, isotope 223(a)86 has 137 neutrons, 86
protons.
Element @87, isotope 224(a)87 has 137 neutrons, 87
protons.
Element @88, isotope 225(a)88 has 137 neutrons, 88
protons.
Element @89, isotope 226(a)89 has137 neutrons, 89
protons.
Element @90, isotope 227(a)90 has137 neutrons, 90
protons.
Element @91, isotope 228(a)91 has 137 neutrons, 91
protons.
Element @92, isotope 229(a)92 has 137 neutrons, 92
protons.
Element @93, isotope 230(a)93 has137 neutrons, 93
protons.
Plutonium isotopes 230(a)94, 232(a)94, 233(a)94, 234(a)94,
235(a)94, 236(a)94, 237(a)94,
238(a)94, 239(a)94, 240(a)94, 241(a)94, 242(a)94, 243(a)94,
244(a)94, 245(a)94, 246(a)94,
have correspondingly 136, 138,
139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,
151,152 neutrons, 94 protons.
Element @95, isotope 232(a)95 has 137 neutrons, 95
protons.
No element @96 with isotopes numbering 137 neutrons.

In regards with the statistics of radioactive
isotopes and stable isotopes I
make the following conjecture. I speculate that in the
future, with the atom
totality theory as the mainstream physics, that we
will be able to have a math
and physics equation such as the Schrodinger Equation
which is so good that the
equation, call it the Isotope Equation (IE) will
predict the exact number of
possible isotopes for each element, both stable and
unstable. It is my hope that
since the fine-structure marker is a variable and not
a constant that this
variable range of values will be utilized to
accurately predict the possible
range of values of the number of neutrons each element
can have. The theory will
predict how many isotopes are possible for each atomic
numbered element, and
what is the range of possible mass numbers for the
isotopes. Then the
experimentalists will go out and make those isotopes
and show that they are
unable to make the impossible isotopes. But the fact
of the Atom Totality and
that it is 231(a)94 makes the predicting equation IE
work. For example, in a
231(a)94 atom totality, element technetium and
promethium can not have a stable
isotope.

(B) THE MEANING OF THE FINE-STRUCTURE MARKER
FOR THE
ELECTRONS.
A very close derivation of the fine-structure
constant of 1/137.036 was
given in a maths journal. A math researcher, Wyler,
considered a seven-
dimensional pseudoorthogonal group. Five of the
dimensions are real and two of
the dimensions are imaginary. Wyler then calculated
volume elements for the
seven-dimensional group and for the subgroup of the
five real dimensions, and
takes their quotient. The result
((9/(8(pi^4)))((pi^5/((2^4)5!))^1/4)) is
equated to the fine-structure constant. I now
reinterpret Wyler's result. Of
course in my reinterpretation, there are no dimensions
beyond the 3rd and the
fine-structure marker is not a constant due to
physical experiments in high
energy physics the fine-structure marker is really a
variable. But continuing
with the result ((9/(8(pi^4)))((pi^5/((2^4)5!))^1/4)),
just as it was shown
that Heisenberg's matrix theory was transformable to
Schroedinger's wave
mechanics, it can be shown that the 7-dimensional
group is transformable to
the principal quantum number n=7 of 231(a)94. See chart
1.
The physical meaning of the fine-structure
marker for the electrons is the
geometry of the 7 electron shells for 231(a)94. And
thus, I derive the
fine-structure marker as exactly 22/((22/7)^7) when pi
is in the collapsed
wavefunction of pi = 22/7. Or I derive the inverse
fine-structure marker of
exactly 137 for the electrons as ((22/7)^7)/22, again
in the collapsed
wavefunction of pi = 22/7. A Plutonium Atom Totality
would correlate the
numbers of pi, e, 22/7, 19/7, (pi^7)/22,
((22/7)^7)/22, and 137 with/to the
subshell and shell structure of the Atom Totality.
Those numbers are
important and have the values that they have because
they are the numbers of
our Maker.
Element @94 has 2 electrons in the 1st shell;
8 electrons in the 2nd shell;
8 electrons in the 3rd shell; 18 electrons in the 4th
shell; 18 electrons in the
5th shell; 32 electrons in the 6th shell and 8
electrons in the 7th shell. Take
special notice in the chart below of successive
subshells for element @94 that
there are 19 occupied subshells in a total of 22
subshells for the 7 energy
shells of @94. At this point the reader should take
note that the two most
special numbers for both math and physics are pi and
e. I say special because
they are used throughout both math and physics. Note
that the rational
approximations of pi is 22/7 and the rational
approximation of e is 19/7.

Reader take notice that 22/(pi^7) is
approximated by 22/((22/7)^7).

energy occupied subshells number of electrons in
each shell

1s 2
2s,2p 8
3s,3p 8
4s,3d,4p 18
5s,4d,5p 18
6s,4f,5d,6p 32
7s,5f,6d,7p 8
----------- ----
add these occupied subshells 94
total occupied subshells is 19

energy 1 2 3 4
5 6 7
s s p s p d s p d f s p
d f s p d f s p d f
U 92 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 3 2
6 1 2
Np 93 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 4 2
6 1 2
Pu 94 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 6 2
6 2
@95 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7
2 6 2

There are 7 shells and there are 22 possible
s, p, d, f electron subshells
for @94. Thus 22/(22/7)^7 is the fine-structure marker
exactly when plutonium is
in the collapsed wavefunction resulting in the exact
value of pi = 22/7.
Physically it is made more precise when compensating
for the geometrical factor
of unoccupied subshells in the 6f, 7d, and 7f, when
those subshells are
reckoned.

Math defines pi as the ratio of the
circumference divided by the diameter
in Plane Euclidean geometry. But also, pi shows-up
unexpectedly in many
branches of math such as probability theory. The
ultimate meaning of pi comes
from the Plutonium Atom Totality and that meaning is
the exact total number of
electron subshells of 231(a)94 divided by the exact
number of electron shells of
231(a)94. That is the reason pi is a number between 3
and 4, because of the
subshell and shell structure of 231(a)94. Remember that
the principal quantum
number n is the shell and refers to the relative
average distance of the
electron from the nucleus, so n is taken as the
diameter, and the quantum
number L, the orbital angular momentum, gives the
subshell and the shape of
the orbital for the electron, thus L is the
circumference.

For positive curvature or Riemannian
geometry, pi is a rational number
approximation 22/7. The collapse of the wavefunction
is the collapse of pi
into a rational number. The use of pi throughout
science is a reflection of
the number 22/7 which comes from 22 possible s, p, d,
f electron subshells in
7 electron shells of PU. Thus in the future when the
atom totality has
transmuted via spontaneous fission to a heavier
element atom totality whose
total possible number of electron subshells is 26 not
22, then the numerical
value of the number pi will change but this new number
will have the same
role as pi had for PU. Math changes along with the
new atom totality. Much
more on maths later. The only thing which goes on
forever without change is
the Atomic Fact, that everything is atoms.

(C) THE MEANING OF THE FINE-STRUCTURE MARKER
FOR THE PROTONS. The meaning
of the fine-structure marker for the protons is
connected with the Planck
linear marker (h), Boltzmann marker (k), the
gravitational marker (G), and a
new marker which I denote as
Coupling-Strengthspontaneous fission (CS). CS
represents the relative strength of the strong nuclear
interaction in
comparison to the electromagnetic interaction to
spontaneous fission. Then h
is set proportional to the whole quantity of (kxGxCS).
Gravitation and the
strong nuclear are complementary duals.

First to compute the parameters of this new
marker CS.
first step: (kxGxCS) proportional to h
second step: (1.38 x 10^-23 J/K ) X (6.67 x 10^-11
M^3/(S^2×Kg)) X CS
ü (6.63 x 10^-34 J ×S)
third step: (1.38 x 10^-23 1/ K ) X (6.67 x 10^-11
M^3/(S^2×Kg)) X CS
ü (6.63 x 10^-34 S)
fourth step: (1.38 x 10^-23 1/ K) X (6.67 x 10^-11
M^3/(S^3×Kg)) X CS
ü (6.63 x 10^-34 )
fifth step: (1.38 x 10^-23 1/ K) X (1.006 x 10^23
M^3/(S^3×Kg)) X CS
ü 1
sixth step: (1.388 M^3/(K×S^3×Kg)) X CS ü 1
seventh step: CS ü .720 (K×S^3×Kg)/M^3

The unitless variable of the fine-structure
marker of the electromagnetic
force is approximately 1/137 which is approximately
..0072. The numbers .720
and .0072 are not coincidental but are a reflection
that the fine-structure
marker is experimentally derived in the same units of
physical measurement.
The fact that the strong nuclear interaction to
spontaneous fission is 100
times stronger than the proton electromagnetic
interaction is a well known
observable fact since atoms which have 100 protons are
very unstable with
very short spontaneous fission half-life.

GROUND STATE SPONTANEOUS FISSION RATES
Nuclide SF T1/2
237(a)93 3 X10^18 years
236(a)94 3.5 X10^9 years
238(a)94 5 X10^10 years
239(a)94 5.5 X10^15 years
240(a)94 1.2 X10^11 years
242(a)94 7.1 X10^11 years
244(a)94 2.5 X10^10 years
232(a)95 1.5 min
234(a)95 2.6 min
240(a)95 0.0085 sec
241(a)95 2.3 X10^14 years
242(a)95 0.014 sec
244(a)95 0.001 sec
240(a)96 1.9 X10^6 years
242(a)96 7.2 X10^6 years
244(a)96 1.4 X10^7 years
246(a)96 2 X10^7 years
248(a)96 4.6 X10^6 years
250(a)96 2 X10^4 years
249(a)97 >1.4 X10^9 years
252(a)98 82 years
254(a)98 60.7 days
253(a)99 7 X 10^5 years
254(a)99 1.5 X 10^5 years
252(a)100 140 years
254(a)100 246 days
255(a)100 1.0 X 10^4 years
256(a)100 160 minutes
257(a)100 100 years
255(a)101 > 3 hours
254(a)102 3 sec
Source: THE TRANSURANIUM ELEMENTS 1973 Goldanskii &
Polikanov

Notice that at element 100 the strength of the
electromagnetic to strong
nuclear to spontaneous fission has reached a physical
limit in scale of
microseconds.

Thus using CS approx= .720 (K×S^3×Kg)/M^3
when divided by 100 in
consideration that 1 proton strong nuclear interaction
in a nucleus of 100
protons is 100 times greater than the electromagnetic
interaction. So, for
1 proton, CS is (.720/100) (K×S^3×Kg)/M^3 . Note that
the parameters of
this new marker CS has the units configuration that is
mathly a volume space,
since the units of measurement are cubed.

So for 1 proton, CS = a(K×S3×Kg)/M3, where a
is the unitless fine-structure
marker. Thus a = CS/((K×S^3×Kg)/M^3). However the
number of protons for
plutonium is 94 was not directly used in the
derivation of the fine-structure
marker for protons. The number 94 does enter into the
calculation when
considering that the nucleus of a plutonium atom has
94 protons and 137
neutrons which added together is 231. Now consider a
transformation that
since the intrinsic temperature of plutonium is 2.74
and the quantum number
of 2 is duality and thus existence, then, when 2.74 is
divided by 2 gives a
number 1.37. Now time t2 is inversely proportional to
temperature and so
1.37 is time t2 of a plutonium atom in connection with
2 and 2.74.
Transforming 231 to 2.31 and taking the uncertainty
principle substituting
2.31 as energy multiply 1.37 as time t2 gives 3.16.
The number 3.16 is a
math analog of linear Planck's marker h. A hydrogen
atom with 1 proton and
1 electron has no measured strong nuclear force, but a
helium atom with 2
neutrons, 2 protons, 2 electrons has a strong nuclear
force. The quantum
nucleosynthesis from hydrogen with 1 nucleon to helium
with 4 nucleons is
(3.16)^4 since 3 more nucleons plus spin/angular
momentum .5x.5x.5 is
about .13, plus adding .01 for electromagnetic energy
of 1 new proton, plus
..01 for 1 new electron plus .01 for 1 neutrino gives
3.16, where (3.16)^4
which is 100. So from 94 protons and 137 neutrons of
a plutonium atom, I
have derived the number of 100, making the solution of
the fine-structure
marker for protons unique to the proton structure of
plutonium.

Before I leave this topic notice that the unitless
number of proton to
electron mass ratio has an exponent power of 5 in
6(pi^5), and that the exp
5 comes from the 5f6. Now, notice the inverse
fine-structure marker of
((22/7)^7)/22 also has the energy shell of 7 as
exponent. Here for the
first time is a linkage of two unitless numbers of
physics-- proton to
electron mass ratio and the fine-structure marker, by
the fact that energy
level of shell correlates and predicts what the
exponent of a unitless number
must have. Why does the energy shell take on a math
form of exponent? Perhaps
an expert quantum chemist or physicist can provide an
answer.

Archimedes Plutonium
www.iw.net/~a_plutonium
whole entire Universe is just one big atom
where dots of the electron-dot-cloud are galaxies
 | 
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