From: Michael Helland on
abstract: A model based on a novel interpretation of the observed
Hubble redshift is compared and contrasted to a model based on the
widely accepted expansion interpretation and also, for demonstration
purposes, to a model based on the long refuted tired light
interpretation.

Let us begin with an observation, some empirical evidence.

Exhibit A:
Hubble redshift is detected in electromagnetic radiation that has
traveled cosmological distances.

To explain Exhibit A, I submit the following conjecture:

Conjecture:
The redshift is a decrease in energy and frequency which will
eventually reach 0. This is caused by the internal dynamics of
electromagnetic radiation.

The established theories of electromagnetism have been so well tested
in our laboratories as to be above suspicion as the source of the
observed redshift at cosmological scales. And because the wide
acceptance of the expansion interpretation, there seemed to be little
reason to even consider changing the theories of light to accommodate
Exhibit A.

On the other hand, the expansion interpretation changed the apparent
motion of every galaxy and the properties of space itself, limits the
age of a Universe that contains vast superclusters, and introduces
mysterious entities like dark energy. All of this increases the
possibility of more elegant theories being discovered.

Upon reflection, would changing the theories of EM radiation to
accommodate a phenomenon detected in EM radiation, Exhibit A, be
uncalled for?

To explore that possibility, the conjecture needs to be developed into
a hypothesis and worked into a model.

In developing the hypothesis, the mindset demonstrated here is that
the empirical reality of Exhibit A might indicate a new principle of
physics at cosmological scales, and might demonstrate there are
limits to the domain of applicability of many established theories,
which are well tested but at much smaller scales. In other words, my
hypothesis may contradict many other theories at cosmological scales,
but only in the pursuit of best explaining what is actually observed
at cosmological scales.

According to the conjecture, the redshift is caused by the internal
dynamics of EM radiation and not the motion of the galaxy that
emitted the light; the apparent recessional velocity of a redshifted
galaxy is not its actual recessional velocity. This leads me to ask,
is there is a better way to state Hubble's Law (v = H * D) using some
other physical magnitude in the place of the galaxy's apparent
recessional velocity?

I've developed what I think is the proper alternative to Hubble's Law,
which generates some pretty interesting predictions and consequences.

Hypothesis:
v = c - Ht
where
v = the speed of light in a vacuum
c = 299792.458 km/sec
H = 21.77 km/sec/one million years
t = duration of the photon's journey between emission and absorption
in millions of years

Given that the speed of a wave is its frequency * wavelength, and we
observe a reduced frequency as empirical fact Exhibit A, it's not too
difficult to see that reducing frequency would reduce the speed of
the wave, just as the hypothesis predicts.

To demonstrate the hypothesis I've built a model of light which is
emitted along an x axis at a speed determined by the hypothesis, v =
c - Ht. Once the timer starts, the light takes off until it reaches a
target which is 6 billion light years away, at which point the timer
is checked and the results are displayed.

I've built two more models to compare and contrast the results with.

In the second model, which is based on the dominant expansion
hypothesis, the light does not obey my hypothesis, but instead always
travels at c. On the other hand, the target that light is traveling
toward is receding from the source of the light at a velocity v that
increases proportionally with the distance D the light has traveled
thus far, such that v = H * D.

In the third model, which is based on the discredited tired light
models, light may lose some energy based on an unexplained
interaction, but it doesn't slow down nor does it encounter an
increasing distance to its target.

The models are written in the Visual FoxPro programming environment
and provided in Appendix A of this paper. When they finish, in the
first two models t=8.83 billion years, and in the third model t=6
billion years. A video of screen shots of the model running is
available on the Internet at:

Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0JTD3FkWjc

Here is a graph that shows the final result of the models.

Graph:
(included at the end of the video)

It can be seen from these results that while the distance covered by
the v=c-Ht and tired light models is the same, the duration of the
trip is larger than tired lights predictions by equal amounts in both
v=c-Ht and the expansion models. v=c-Ht may not predict increasing
distances, like the Big Bang, but it does predict increasing
durations, identical to the Big Bang.

It stands to reason that if a solar panel collecting energy X in 24
hours, were to start collecting the same energy X in 26 hours, that
(assuming the change had occurred in the source and not the panel)
the increasing duration would imply a decreased frequency of the
incoming light. Because the increase in duration predicted by the
expansion model and the v=c-Ht model are equal, it would stand to also
reason that both models predict identical redshifts, the empirically
observed Exhibit A.

The increase in duration is a feature shared by the v=c-Ht and
expansion models, creating a general class of models to which the
tired light model does not belong, as it cannot predict Exhibit A and
is again ruled out.

Predictions

That leaves the expansion model and v=c-Ht. Even though these models
have been show to both predict an equally increasing duration, there
are some differences in the cosmologies they predict, which will be
examined so that tests may be devised to determine which of the models
is the best fit for the whole cosmos.

v=c-Ht predicts a finite range of light, whereas the established
models have an indefinite range of light. Consequently, the distances
of the established model must be increasing in an expansion that
rewinds back to a Big Bang. Thus, the established models, with an
indefinite range of light predict that the Universe has a finite age
and size.

On the other hand, v=c-Ht with its finite range of light, predicts an
indefinite age and size of the Universe. If there were galaxies
beyond the finite range of light, we would never see them. This would
be confirmed by observing structure in the cosmos older than
expansion model allows for.

Further, as there is no increasing distances in the v=c-Ht model, it
predicts shorter distances between galaxies, and thus a stronger
force of gravity should be observed between galaxies than with
expanded distances.

Criticisms

The first critical flaw that is often pointed out where this
hypothesis's predictions and what is observed seem to be in conflict
is that the measured wavelength of redshifted light is increased,
whereas my theory predicts the frequency will reduce along with the
speed, which means a static wavelength. On the contrary, the light's
speed is dependent on the time between emission and absorption. That
means once the light interacts with the measurement device, it will
have been re-emitted. Since the time the light has been traveling
since emission will now be small rather than cosmological, it will be
re-emitted at c. The light won't magically regain its redshifted
frequency or energy, Exhibit A, but since the hypothesis predicts the
light will be traveling at c, its wavelength is predicted to be larger
too.

And that is what is observed of the light coming from the diffraction
grating. This criticism actually works in favor of the hypothesis. A
common reaction to this claim is that its an ad-hoc resolution to the
criticism. But clearly this behavior is dictated by the hypothesis,
even if it works differently than the established theories, which
should be addressed here.

I'll use Special Relativity as an example as it seems to be the theory
most in disagreement with the decreasing speed of light. The response
to this criticism is Exhibit A requires us to change our picture of
Special Relativity, and it can be easily demonstrated how and why
considering light cones in Special Relativity.

No matter what scale you're talking about, somewhere the light cones
will intersect. But even under the expansion model of redshift, this
won't apply to the light at all scales. In the Big Bang, the distance
between the light sources is expanding, and at distances beyond
Hubble's Limit, the light cones won't intersect at all because of the
expansion is too great.

The novel finite range of light model, on the other hand suggests the
light cones curve, making "goblet" or wineglass shapes, rather than
cone-like martini glasses.

Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Te4AJJTCMXk

These light goblets and their deviations from their light cone
counterparts, are suggested to be the source of a range of
cosmological observations, from the fall off in surface brightness,
the time dilation in supernovae light curves, and of course, Hubble
redshift, Exhibit A.

As more predictions and tests are worked out of the hypothesis, in the
meantime go look out in the night sky sometime. Did all of that expand
from a single point? Or is it possible light doesn't travel forever,
and maybe there's even unfathomably more out there beyond what light
is able to show us?

You be the judge.

Appendix A:

clear
lEscape = .f.
lPictures = .f.
on escape lEscape = .t.

DECLARE Sleep IN Win32API INTEGER nMilliseconds
if lPictures
Declare Integer formtobmp IN "PCT_DLL.dll" integer hwnd,String
bmpFileName
lcFile = sys(2015)
endif

if type("_screen.target1") = "O"
_screen.RemoveObject("target1")
endif
if type("_screen.target2") = "O"
_screen.RemoveObject("target2")
endif
if type("_screen.target3") = "O"
_screen.RemoveObject("target3")
endif

ntimescale = 10
graphscale = 14E+19
ygraphscale = 200/ntimescale

c = 299792.458
millyearseconds = 60 * 60 * 24 * 365 * 1000000
xtarget = 6000 * c * millyearseconds
xtarget2 = xtarget
_screen.AddObject("target1", "target")
_screen.target1.top = 10
_screen.target1.left = xtarget/graphscale
_screen.target1.visible = .t.
_screen.AddObject("target2", "target")
_screen.target2.top = 40
_screen.target2.visible = .t.
_screen.target2.left = xtarget/graphscale
_screen.AddObject("target3", "target")
_screen.target3.top = 70
_screen.target3.visible = .t.
_screen.target3.left = xtarget/graphscale
_screen.Cls()

c = 299792.458
H = 21.77
c1 = c
x = 0
x2 = 0
x3 = 0
t = 0
v2 = 0
t = 0
do while not lEscape and ;
(empty(_screen.target1.caption) or ;
empty(_screen.target2.caption) or ;
empty(_screen.target3.caption))

* Take a picture
* Take a screen shot before we go
if lPictures and mod(t, 500) = 0
_screen.Caption = transform(t) + " million years"
retVal = formtobmp(_vfp.HWnd ,fullpath(lcFile + transform(t) +
".bmp"))
endif

t = t + 1/ntimescale

if xtarget > x
x = x + (c1 * (millyearseconds/ntimescale))
c1 = c1 - (H/ntimescale)

_screen.ForeColor = rgb(255, 0, 0)
_screen.Circle(5, x/graphscale, 20)
* _screen.Circle(5, _screen.Width/2 * (x/graphscale), _screen.Height
- t/ygraphscale)
endif
if empty(_screen.target1.Caption) and xtarget <= x
_screen.target1.Caption = transform(t)
endif

if xtarget2 > x2
x2 = x2 + (c * (millyearseconds/ntimescale))
* These work out the same, it's Hubble's Law
*v2 = H * (x2 / (c * millyearseconds))
v2 = v2 + (H/ntimescale)
xtarget2 = xtarget2 + v2 * (millyearseconds/ntimescale)
_screen.target2.left = xtarget2/graphscale

_screen.ForeColor = rgb(0, 0, 255)
_screen.Circle(5, x2/graphscale, 50)
* _screen.Circle(5, _screen.Width/2 * (x2/graphscale), _screen.Height
- t/ygraphscale)
endif
if empty(_screen.target2.Caption) and xtarget2 <= x2
_screen.target2.Caption = transform(t)
endif

if xtarget > x3
x3 = x3 + (c * (millyearseconds/ntimescale))

_screen.ForeColor = rgb(0, 255, 0)
_screen.Circle(5, x3/graphscale, 80)
* _screen.Circle(5, _screen.Width/2 * (x3/graphscale), _screen.Height
- t/ygraphscale)
endif
if empty(_screen.target3.Caption) and xtarget <= x3
_screen.target3.Caption = transform(t)
endif

enddo
_screen.Caption = transform(t) + " million years"
wait window
if lPictures
retVal = formtobmp(_vfp.HWnd ,fullpath(lcFile + transform(t) +
".bmp"))
endif


_screen.RemoveObject("target1")
_screen.RemoveObject("target2")
_screen.RemoveObject("target3")
clear dlls

define class target as label
caption = ""
BorderStyle = 1
Width = 50
Height = 20
enddefine
From: eric gisse on
Michael Helland wrote:

> abstract: A model based on a novel interpretation of the observed
> Hubble redshift is compared and contrasted to a model based on the
> widely accepted expansion interpretation and also, for demonstration
> purposes, to a model based on the long refuted tired light
> interpretation.
>
> Let us begin with an observation, some empirical evidence.
>
> Exhibit A:
> Hubble redshift is detected in electromagnetic radiation that has
> traveled cosmological distances.
>
> To explain Exhibit A, I submit the following conjecture:
>
> Conjecture:
> The redshift is a decrease in energy and frequency which will
> eventually reach 0. This is caused by the internal dynamics of
> electromagnetic radiation.

This is exactly 'tired light'.

Your idea is neither novel or interesting.

>
> The established theories of electromagnetism have been so well tested

Mike, you haven't even managed to work through freshman physics E&M
problems. Where do you get the balls to talk about this stuff?

[snip rest, unread]
From: Michael Helland on
On Jul 12, 12:26 pm, eric gisse <jowr.pi.nos...(a)gmail.com> wrote:
> Michael Helland wrote:
> > abstract: A model based on a novel interpretation of the observed
> > Hubble redshift is compared and  contrasted to a model based on the
> > widely accepted expansion interpretation and also, for demonstration
> > purposes, to a model based on the long refuted tired light
> > interpretation.
>
> > Let us begin with an observation, some empirical evidence.
>
> > Exhibit A:
> > Hubble redshift is detected in electromagnetic radiation that has
> > traveled cosmological  distances.
>
> > To explain Exhibit A, I submit the following conjecture:
>
> > Conjecture:
> > The redshift is a decrease in energy and frequency which will
> > eventually reach 0. This is caused  by the internal dynamics of
> > electromagnetic radiation.
>
> This is exactly 'tired light'.

No, tired light going back to Zwicky always invoked some strange
interaction, either with dust or with space itself, things like that.

Besides, the mathematics worked out differently between a model I
built of tired light, which I showed is still wrong.


> Your idea is neither novel or interesting.
>
> > The established theories of electromagnetism have been so well tested
>
> Mike, you haven't even managed to work through freshman physics E&M
> problems. Where do you get the balls to talk about this stuff?
>
> [snip rest, unread]


Humor me and read the rest of the paper.

Or at least think about this. The expansion of the Universe has to
change our picture of light cones in special relativity, because there
are some cones that will never interact due to the expansion of space
in between them.

According to my hypothesis, we can change them another way to
elegantly achieve the same effect. We make the light cones goblets.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0JTD3FkWjc
From: Sam Wormley on
On 7/12/10 10:06 PM, Michael Helland wrote:
> abstract: A model based on a novel interpretation of the observed
> Hubble redshift is compared and contrasted to a model based on the
> widely accepted expansion interpretation and also, for demonstration
> purposes, to a model based on the long refuted tired light
> interpretation.
>

Tired light hasn't make it in the empirical tests, Michael.

Tired Light is Still Dead
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm#News

24 Apr 2008 - Blondin et al. (2008) studied distant supernovae using
spectra to judge the age of the object during each observation. They
found an aging rate that varied with redshift z like

1/(1+z)(0.97 +/- 0.10),

compatible with the expected 1/(1+z) for expanding Universes, but 9.7
standard deviations away from the constant aging rate expected in the
tired light model.
From: Michael Helland on
On Jul 13, 5:33 am, Sam Wormley <sworml...(a)gmail.com> wrote:
> On 7/12/10 10:06 PM, Michael Helland wrote:
>
> > abstract: A model based on a novel interpretation of the observed
> > Hubble redshift is compared and  contrasted to a model based on the
> > widely accepted expansion interpretation and also, for demonstration
> > purposes, to a model based on the long refuted tired light
> > interpretation.
>
>    Tired light hasn't make it in the empirical tests, Michael.
>
>    Tired Light is Still Dead
>      http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm#News


Sure.

That's why I'm suggesting something else.




>    24 Apr 2008 - Blondin et al. (2008) studied distant supernovae using
>    spectra to judge the age of the object during each observation. They
>    found an aging rate that varied with redshift z like
>
>      1/(1+z)(0.97 +/- 0.10),
>
>    compatible with the expected 1/(1+z) for expanding Universes, but 9.7
>    standard deviations away from the constant aging rate expected in the
>    tired light model.