Got it working! First post from inside Damn Small Linux! Need more help pls
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From: RayLopez99 on 8 Jun 2010 08:27 OK, live and learn. Repost since my first post got lost when Firefox unexpectedly disappeared from my Linux screen. But not blaming Linux (Damn Small Linux) since I have a Pentium II with 1 GB (!) hd and a few sticks of RAM. Can't expect much. Anyway, like I was saying I did get the Linux box connected to the internet, using the ethernet card, and both Windows and Linux boxes are working as I type this through the same ADSL modem. Nice. A loose cable was one problem, but the posters that predicted I would not need to install software drivers were correct. I need help though--just noticed something, why does Beever (text editor) do hard carrage return line breaks instead of wrapping? oh well-- on how to install new programs in Linux, in case I need to upgrade from the present Firefox 1.0.6. I need help on how to move files using the 'emelfm' file manager--or command prompts--from say the CD (which I mounted but I cannot see through the file manager--I thought the /cdrom directory was it but it's a hard drive directory) to the HD--and which folder would I unzip (.tar? ) and/or compile (how?) and/or place the binaries (hard return by Beaver 0.2.7 again! I wonder if this will look like kaka when I cut and paste it into Google Groups--we'll see) in which folder? Stuff like that. Any help or pointers appreciated. I figure if I study Linux a half hour a day, after 6 months I should be were I was in DOS about 20 years ago, but no matter, it's progress. BTW the user who will get this machine (or rather, one nearly like it) is only going to surf the net and do docs on the net (Google apps). Do I need faster hardware and/or a more newer version of Firefox to do Google apps? She types at most 1 page letters, so I say no. Already the disk thrashing is a bit noisy and slow on this machine, but actually I'm pleasantly surprised, kind of like the pleasant surprise (no spell check in beavor? Lol) you get from not getting food poisoning at a greasy spoon interstate cafe when on a road trip. Hard return again. My system info below--for you doubters. Hopefully no personal information there, but with Linux you never know when your security is/ will be compromised. And do I need a virus program and/or firewall now? I am surfing naked. This is OK in Linux land, right? Any advice sincerely appreciated. PS--how to check the hard drive for errors? What command? I notice in the report below a few bad sectors; probably they are oK physically but need to be rewritten. Also since I only have a 1 GB HD I don't want to load this machine with too much bloatware. Thanks again. PPs--hard returns did not show up in copy-and-paste, thankfully, and I notice, curiously, that Windows keyboard shortcuts like "Cntrl + home" to go to the top of a page work in Linux...interesting. RL dsl-4.2.5 Mon Jun 7 15:25:27 2010 processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 5 model : 2 model name : Pentium 75 - 200 stepping : 6 cpu MHz : 99.844 fdiv_bug : no hlt_bug : no f00f_bug : yes coma_bug : no fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 1 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr mce cx8 bogomips : 199.06 total: used: free: shared: buffers: cached: Mem: 46858240 38248448 8609792 0 1015808 17588224 Swap: 0 0 0 MemTotal: 45760 kB MemFree: 8408 kB MemShared: 0 kB Buffers: 992 kB Cached: 17176 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 10420 kB Inactive: 7788 kB HighTotal: 0 kB HighFree: 0 kB LowTotal: 45760 kB LowFree: 8408 kB SwapTotal: 0 kB SwapFree: 0 kB # Insert nameservers here # nameserver 127.0.0.1 nameserver 206.13.28.12 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) soundcore 3428 0 (autoclean) cloop 39364 0 (unused) nls_cp437 4348 0 (autoclean) nls_iso8859-1 2844 1 (autoclean) reiserfs 169584 0 (autoclean) ext3 64388 0 (autoclean) jbd 46804 0 (autoclean) [ext3] ntfs 50944 0 (autoclean) msdos 4684 0 (autoclean) serial 52196 0 (autoclean) mousedev 3832 1 hid 22788 0 (unused) input 3168 0 [mousedev hid] ieee1394 183300 0 usb-ohci 18120 0 (unused) usbcore 58240 1 [hid usb-ohci] pcmcia_core 39840 0 apm 9736 1 ide-cd 28768 0 ide-scsi 9264 0 rtc 7004 0 (autoclean) 00:00.0 Host bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C585VP [Apollo VP1/ VPX] (rev 10) 00:07.0 ISA bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C586/A/B PCI-to-ISA [Apollo VP] (rev 02) 00:07.1 IDE interface: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C586A/B/VT82C686/A/B/ VT823x/A/C PIPC Bus Master IDE (rev 02) 00:08.0 USB Controller: ALi Corporation USB 1.1 Controller (rev 03) 00:08.3 USB Controller: ALi Corporation USB 2.0 Controller (rev 01) 00:0b.0 VGA compatible controller: S3 Inc. ViRGE/DX or /GX (rev 01) PID Uid VmSize Stat Command 1 root 76 S init [5] 2 root SW [keventd] 3 root SWN [ksoftirqd_CPU0] 4 root SW [kswapd] 5 root SW [bdflush] 6 root SW [kupdated] 56 root SW [kapmd] 67 root SW [khubd] 407 root 560 S /sbin/syslogd 421 dsl 1684 S -bash 422 root 508 S /sbin/getty 115200 tty2 423 root 508 S /sbin/getty 115200 tty3 424 root 508 S /sbin/getty 115200 tty4 443 dsl 1084 S /bin/sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startx 456 dsl 644 S xinit /home/dsl/.xinitrc -- /home/ dsl/.xserverrc 457 root 6836 S /usr/bin/X11/Xvesa -mouse /dev/input/mice - screen 102 459 dsl 1396 S jwm 471 dsl 4684 S dillo /usr/share/doc/dsl/ getting_started.html 483 dsl 920 S torsmo 484 dsl 2012 S /usr/bin/dfm 485 dsl 1012 S dpid 486 dsl 4684 S dillo /usr/share/doc/dsl/ getting_started.html 487 dsl 880 S /usr/local/lib/dillo/dpi/file/file.dpi 489 dsl 880 S /usr/local/lib/dillo/dpi/file/file.dpi 729 dsl 2512 S dfm /home/dsl/.dfmdesk/Apps/System/ 872 dsl 1432 S aterm -T PPPoE Config -e sudo -H /usr/sbin/ pppoeconf 875 root 1144 S /bin/bash /usr/sbin/pppoeconf 1147 root 760 S whiptail --title NO INTERFACE FOUND --clear --yesno S 1152 dsl 3296 S emelfm 1222 dsl 3244 S /bin/lua /usr/local/bin/stats.lua 1244 dsl 996 S sh -c busybox ps | tee /tmp/stats.txt >> stats.txt 1245 dsl 704 R busybox ps 1246 dsl 432 S tee /tmp/stats.txt <4>Linux version 2.4.31 (root(a)box) (gcc version 2.95.4 20011002 (Debian prerelease)) #6 SMP Fri Oct 21 15:15:54 EDT 2005 <6>BIOS-provided physical RAM map: <4> BIOS-e820: 0000000000000000 - 00000000000a0000 (usable) <4> BIOS-e820: 00000000000f0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved) <4> BIOS-e820: 0000000000100000 - 0000000003000000 (usable) <4> BIOS-e820: 00000000ffff0000 - 0000000100000000 (reserved) <5>0MB HIGHMEM available. <5>48MB LOWMEM available. <4>On node 0 totalpages: 12288 <4>zone(0): 4096 pages. <4>zone(1): 8192 pages. <4>zone(2): 0 pages. <6>DMI not present. <3>ACPI: Unable to locate RSDP <4>Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=Linux ro root=302 hda=scsi hdb=scsi hdc=scsi hdd=scsi hde=scsi hdf=scsi hdg=scsi hdh=scsi apm=power-off nomce noapic <6>ide_setup: hda=scsi <6>ide_setup: hdb=scsi <6>ide_setup: hdc=scsi <6>ide_setup: hdd=scsi <6>ide_setup: hde=scsi <6>ide_setup: hdf=scsi <6>ide_setup: hdg=scsi <6>ide_setup: hdh=scsi <4>No local APIC present or hardware disabled <6>Initializing CPU#0 <4>Detected 99.844 MHz processor. <4>Console: colour dummy device 80x25 <4>Calibrating delay loop... 199.06 BogoMIPS <6>Memory: 45616k/49152k available (1386k kernel code, 3152k reserved, 567k data, 144k init, 0k highmem) <6>Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes) <6>Inode cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 3, 32768 bytes) <6>Mount cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes) <6>Buffer cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes) <4>Page-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 4, 65536 bytes) <5>Intel Pentium with F0 0F bug - workaround enabled. <7>CPU: After generic, caps: 000001bf 00000000 00000000 00000000 <7>CPU: Common caps: 000001bf 00000000 00000000 00000000 <6>Checking 'hlt' instruction... OK. <6>Checking for popad bug... OK. <4>POSIX conformance testing by UNIFIX <4>mtrr: v1.40 (20010327) Richard Gooch (rgooch(a)atnf.csiro.au) <4>mtrr: detected mtrr type: none <7>CPU: After generic, caps: 000001bf 00000000 00000000 00000000 <7>CPU: Common caps: 000001bf 00000000 00000000 00000000 <4>CPU0: Intel Pentium 75 - 200 stepping 06 <4>per-CPU timeslice cutoff: 160.52 usecs. <5>SMP motherboard not detected. <5>Local APIC not detected. Using dummy APIC emulation. <4>Waiting on wait_init_idle (map = 0x0) <4>All processors have done init_idle <6>ACPI: Subsystem revision 20040326 <6>ACPI: Interpreter disabled. <6>PCI: PCI BIOS revision 2.10 entry at 0xfb470, last bus=0 <6>PCI: Using configuration type 1 <6>PCI: Probing PCI hardware <4>PCI: Probing PCI hardware (bus 00) <6>PCI: Via IRQ fixup <6>Activating ISA DMA hang workarounds. <6>isapnp: Scanning for PnP cards... <6>isapnp: Card 'OPTi Audio 16' <6>isapnp: 1 Plug & Play card detected total <6>Linux NET4.0 for Linux 2.4 <6>Based upon Swansea University Computer Society NET3.039 <4>Initializing RT netlink socket <4>Starting kswapd <5>VFS: Disk quotas vdquot_6.5.1 <6>vesafb: framebuffer at 0xe0000000, mapped to 0xc380d000, size 2048k <6>vesafb: mode is 1024x768x16, linelength=2048, pages=0 <6>vesafb: protected mode interface info at c000:596b <6>vesafb: scrolling: redraw <6>vesafb: directcolor: size=0:5:6:5, shift=0:11:5:0 <4>Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 128x48 <6>fb0: VESA VGA frame buffer device <6>Detected PS/2 Mouse Port. <4>pty: 256 Unix98 ptys configured <6>Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M <6>FDC 0 is an 8272A <4>RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize <6>Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00beta4-2.4 <6>ide: Assuming 33MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx <6>VP_IDE: IDE controller at PCI slot 00:07.1 <6>VP_IDE: chipset revision 2 <6>VP_IDE: not 100% native mode: will probe irqs later <6>VP_IDE: VIA vt82c586 (rev 02) IDE MWDMA16 controller on pci00:07.1 <6> ide0: BM-DMA at 0x6000-0x6007, BIOS settings: hda:pio, hdb:pio <6> ide1: BM-DMA at 0x6008-0x600f, BIOS settings: hdc:pio, hdd:pio <4>hda: Seagate Technology 1275MB - ST31276A, ATA DISK drive <4>hdb: ST33240A, ATA DISK drive <4>hdc: CD-ROM CDU311, ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM drive <4>ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14 <4>ide1 at 0x170-0x177,0x376 on irq 15 <4>hda: attached ide-disk driver. <6>hda: 2502308 sectors (1281 MB), CHS=620/64/63 <4>hdb: attached ide-disk driver. <6>hdb: 6303024 sectors (3227 MB), CHS=781/128/63 <6>Partition check: <6> hda: hda1 < hda5 > hda2 <6> hdb: hdb1 < hdb5 hdb6 > <4>ide: late registration of driver. <6>SCSI subsystem driver Revision: 1.00 <3>kmod: failed to exec /sbin/modprobe -s -k scsi_hostadapter, errno = 2 <3>kmod: failed to exec /sbin/modprobe -s -k scsi_hostadapter, errno = 2 <6>Initializing Cryptographic API <6>NET4: Linux TCP/IP 1.0 for NET4.0 <6>IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP, IGMP <6>IP: routing cache hash table of 512 buckets, 4Kbytes <6>TCP: Hash tables configured (established 4096 bind 4096) <6>NET4: Unix domain sockets 1.0/SMP for Linux NET4.0. <4>VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly. <6>Freeing unused kernel memory: 144k freed <6>Real Time Clock Driver v1.10f <4>hdc: attached ide-scsi driver. <6>scsi0 : SCSI host adapter emulation for IDE ATAPI devices <4> Vendor: SONY Model: CD-ROM CDU311 Rev: 3.0i <4> Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02 <4>Attached scsi CD-ROM sr0 at scsi0, channel 0, id 0, lun 0 <4>sr0: scsi3-mmc drive: 8x/8x xa/form2 cdda tray <6>Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.12 <6>apm: BIOS version 1.2 Flags 0x07 (Driver version 1.16) <6>Linux Kernel Card Services 3.1.22 <6> options: [pci] [cardbus] [pm] <6>Intel ISA PCIC probe: not found. <6>Databook TCIC-2 PCMCIA probe: not found. <6>usb.c: registered new driver usbdevfs <6>usb.c: registered new driver hub <6>usb-uhci.c: $Revision: 1.275 $ time 11:56:04 Aug 29 2005 <6>usb-uhci.c: High bandwidth mode enabled <6>usb-uhci.c: v1.275:USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver <6>usb.c: deregistering driver usbdevfs <6>usb.c: deregistering driver hub <6>usb.c: registered new driver usbdevfs <6>usb.c: registered new driver hub <6>usb-ohci.c: USB OHCI at membase 0xc3a45000, IRQ 11 <6>usb-ohci.c: usb-00:08.0, ALi Corporation USB 1.1 Controller <6>usb.c: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1 <6>hub.c: USB hub found <6>hub.c: 2 ports detected <4>usbdevfs: remount parameter error <6>hub.c: new USB device 00:08.0-1, assigned address 2 <4>usb.c: USB device 2 (vend/prod 0x192f/0x416) is not claimed by any active driver. <6>usb.c: registered new driver hiddev <6>usb.c: registered new driver hid <6>input: USB HID v1.11 Mouse [192f:0416] on usb1:2.0 <6>hid-core.c: v1.8.1 Andreas Gal, Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech(a)suse.cz> <6>hid-core.c: USB HID support drivers <6>mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice <6>Serial driver version 5.05c (2001-07-08) with MANY_PORTS SHARE_IRQ SERIAL_PCI ISAPNP enabled <6>ttyS00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A <6>ttyS01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16550A <6>ad1848/cs4248 codec driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996 <5>ad1848: No ISAPnP cards found, trying standard ones... <6>MAD16 audio driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996 <6>CDROM Disabled. <3>I/O, DMA and irq are mandatory <6>ad1848/cs4248 codec driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996 <5>ad1848: No ISAPnP cards found, trying standard ones... <6>MAD16 audio driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996 <6>CDROM Disabled. <3>I/O, DMA and irq are mandatory <6>ad1848/cs4248 codec driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996 <5>ad1848: No ISAPnP cards found, trying standard ones... <6>MAD16 audio driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996 <6>CDROM Disabled. <3>I/O, DMA and irq are mandatory <6>ad1848/cs4248 codec driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996 <5>ad1848: No ISAPnP cards found, trying standard ones... <6>MAD16 audio driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996 <6>CDROM Disabled. <3>I/O, DMA and irq are mandatory <5>NTFS driver v1.1.22 [Flags: R/W MODULE] <6>Journalled Block Device driver loaded <3>VFS: Can't find ext3 filesystem on dev ide0(3,5). <4>VFS: Can't find ext2 filesystem on dev ide0(3,5). <4>Unable to identify CD-ROM format. <4>sh-2021: reiserfs_read_super: can not find reiserfs on ide0(3,5) <4>FAT: bogus logical sector size 0 <4>VFS: Can't find a valid FAT filesystem on dev 03:05. <4>FAT: bogus logical sector size 0 <4>VFS: Can't find a valid FAT filesystem on dev 03:05. <4>FAT: Did not find valid FSINFO signature. <4>Found signature1 0xdcae8021 signature2 0x33dd411a sector=47585. <4>VFS: Can't find a valid FAT filesystem on dev 03:45. <4>FAT: Did not find valid FSINFO signature. <4>Found signature1 0xdcae8021 signature2 0x33dd411a sector=47585. <4>VFS: Can't find a valid FAT filesystem on dev 03:45. <4>cloop: Initializing cloop v2.01 <6>cloop: loaded (max 128 devices) /dev/hda2 on / type ext2 (rw,errors=remount-ro) /proc on /proc type proc (rw) /dev/pts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw) /proc/bus/usb on /proc/bus/usb type usbdevfs (rw,devmode=0666) Filesystem Size Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/hda2 961.1M 126.8M 785.5M 14% / LANG="C" COUNTRY="us" LANGUAGE="us" CHARSET="iso8859-1" KEYTABLE="us" XKEYBOARD="us" MOUSE_FULLNAME="USB Optical Mouse" MOUSE_DEVICE="/dev/input/mice" SOUND_FULLNAME="OPTi Audio 16:AUX0" SOUND_DRIVER="mad16" SOUND_FULLNAME="OPTi Audio 16:Game Port" SOUND_DRIVER="mad16" SOUND_FULLNAME="OPTi Audio 16:MPU401" SOUND_DRIVER="mad16" SOUND_FULLNAME="OPTi Audio 16:OPTi Audio 16" SOUND_DRIVER="mad16" XSERVER="XFree86" XMODULE="s3virge" XDESC="ViRGE/DX or /GX" FLOPPY_FULLNAME='3.5" 1.44MB floppy drive' FLOPPY_DEVICE="/dev/fd0" FLOPPY_DRIVER="unknown" BOOT_IMAGE=Linux ro root=302 hda=scsi hdb=scsi hdc=scsi hdd=scsi hde=scsi hdf=scsi hdg=scsi hdh=scsi apm=power-off nomce noapic
From: RayLopez99 on 8 Jun 2010 09:35 On Jun 8, 3:27 pm, RayLopez99 <raylope...(a)gmail.com> wrote: [] I also want to install OpenOffice 1.0, which is the only thing that will run on this old hardware... On second thought, I think I'll recommend that only .RTF format be used...that's good enough. "Beevor" and "Ted" are two RTF editors in DamnSmallLinux that seem to work (though TED just crashed on me, when I clicked on the "recently opened" link--you have to not use it and simply use the 'open' menu--stuff like this is typical of amateur slopware/ freeware, but you get what you pay for). RL
From: J G Miller on 8 Jun 2010 10:12 On Tue, 08 Jun 2010 06:35:46 -0700, RayLopez99 wrote: > I also want to install OpenOffice 1.0, which is the only thing that will > run on this old hardware... If you only need to prepare and read documents, have you considered abiword instead? <http://www.abisource.COM/>
From: RayLopez99 on 9 Jun 2010 04:08 On Jun 8, 5:12 pm, J G Miller <mil...(a)yoyo.ORG> wrote: > On Tue, 08 Jun 2010 06:35:46 -0700, RayLopez99 wrote: > > I also want to install OpenOffice 1.0, which is the only thing that will > > run on this old hardware... > > If you only need to prepare and read documents, have you considered > abiword instead? > > <http://www.abisource.COM/> Yes, I would like to try this program. Can you please tell me how to install it? It would literally be my first Linux program I installed (other than what I did with RHAT over 10 years ago, which I don't remember). Would it, for example (I am using default directory names that came with installation for Damn Small Linux) go under "/sbin"? Do I log in under 'root' (http://www.linfo.org/root.html), then what, drag and drop (i.e., copy) the executable binary I download from abisource.com to what directory? Thanks in advance, RL
From: RayLopez99 on 9 Jun 2010 04:23
On Jun 8, 6:40 pm, Mike Easter <Mi...(a)ster.invalid> wrote: > I don't think DSL is the best choice for a newbie - some/many newbies; > nor do I think DSL on an alleged/currently 48 meg ram machine is the > best choice for a newby - some/many newbies. Well too late--it's working now (for now). Might switch to Puppy on the other machine (which is slightly more powerful) because I have to install Linux, so I'll install Puppy rather than D.S.L. initially as here. > > The other LT machine comp2 is 512 megs and would do much better for the > newbie with some other linux distro which is more graphical. > that you have enough resources > to protect it with something light. > > Personally I think - reiterate - the 48 meg ram machine should have its > mobo accurately determined and if there is something wrong with the ram > stick seating that is interfering with its maximum ram potential being > met, you should fix that. Well it's working. > > > My system info below--for you doubters. > > P1 (P5) 100 mhz, sez 46 megs ram (?!), Via VP1 chipset, S3 virge > graphics, Seagate 1.3G hdd, floppy, ps/2, usb1, serial, I didn't see > anything about printer port, cdrom, audio > > > I am surfing naked. This is OK in Linux land, right? > > Yes. > Thanks for that advice. BTW I figured out how to copy/move/link (do you use 'link'--it's pretty cool, nothing like it in Windows, but can it be abused?) in emelfm--you have to use the MIDDLE BUTTON!!! and drag and drop between two views of the different directories but it works. Also figured out how to change Unix permissions since, strangely IMO, a lot of pdf files that should be read write are 'read only' initially. Newbie questions: #1) logging into as 'root'--do I simply type 'root' then the password, or '0' then the password at the login? [UPDATE: I figured out how to do this while as a ordinary User--there's a red icon in emelfm called "root" that you click on and it takes you to the root via a shell outside of the GUI--but please tell me if you can also log-on initially as root? BTW, I would think--maybe my password permissions are not set up right--but you should NOT be able to click on the red icon to get into 'root' so easily--without asking for a password. In Windows they ask for a password to log in as the 'Administrator' --not a big deal for this system since I'm the only one running it, but for this girl this could cause a problem (she clicks on everything like a monkey). Does Puppy have something more 'secure'?) #2) installing a program--let's forget compiling for a moment--but say I download a binary executable file. Presumably I log in as 'root' (but *** below says usually this not necessary). What's the best directory to but this binary executable in, and, second, how to I put an icon on my desktop (let's say the executable supports whatever GUI I'm logged in as under D.S.L.--I think the GUI in D.S.L. is called "Dillo" and is some variant of "X Windows", if that makes sense) or is this done (icon on desktop) automatically? Thanks in advance, appreciate your help so far. RL *** Root privileges are usually required for installing software in RPM (Red Hat Package Manager) package format because of the need to write to system directories. If an application program is being compiled (i.e., converted into runnable form) from source code (i.e., its original, human-readable form), however, it can usually be configured to install and run from a user's home directory. Root privileges are not needed by an ordinary user to compile and install software in its home directory. Compiling software as root should be avoided for security reasons. |