From: Bret Cahill on

> > Has anyone even bothered to precisely define or list the differences
> > between "hard" and "soft" sciences?

> Its one of those distinctions so common and old that we forget that
> new people have to learn it also.

> Hard science and soft science are colloquial terms often used when
> comparing fields of academic research or scholarship, with hard
> meaning perceived as being more scientific,

What is _that_ supposed to mean?

A more scientific science?

That reasoning goes in a circular circle.

What they mean is "lots of [explicit] math" or "more [explicit]
calculations."

> rigorous,

Physicists must go to parochial school with old school nuns making
sure they get back from recess on time!

> or accurate.

As stated below, lots of sig figs . . .

That's _all_ they mean or can mean by "hard" science.

> Fields of the natural or physical sciences are often described as
> hard, while the social sciences and similar fields are often described
> as soft. The hard sciences are characterized as relying on
> experimental, empirical, quantifiable data,

Hard sciences would certainly be more theoretical than soft sciences,
in other words, _less_ empirical.

Einstein didn't conduct any empirical studies whatsoever before
writing the most important "hard" science paper of the 20th Century.

Softer sciences like biology and medicine are more empirical. If they
are doing meta studies it's not a hard science.

> relying on the scientific
> method, and focusing on accuracy and objectivity. Publications in the
> hard sciences such as natural sciences make heavier use of graphs than
> soft sciences such as sociology, according to the graphism thesis.

> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science

A nearly worthless article.

> > I mentioned sig figs in "hard" vs epidemiological studies in "soft."
>
> > Before Galileo there was no distinction.
>
> > Some believe Galileo made science into a science.

From: Shrikeback on
On Jul 13, 5:38 pm, Bret Cahill <Bret_E_Cah...(a)yahoo.com> wrote:

> Softer sciences like biology and medicine are more empirical.  If they
> are doing meta studies it's not a hard science.

Idiot. Biology and medicine _are_ hard sciences.
Soft sciences are those fields of study that have
some of the accoutrements of sciences but really
aren't sciences, so we put them in the School of
Humanities. You know, such as psychology and
sociology.
From: Immortalist on
On Jul 13, 5:38 pm, Bret Cahill <Bret_E_Cah...(a)yahoo.com> wrote:
> > > Has anyone even bothered to precisely define or list the differences
> > > between "hard" and "soft" sciences?
> > Its one of those distinctions so common and old that we forget that
> > new people have to learn it also.
> > Hard science and soft science are colloquial terms often used when
> > comparing fields of academic research or scholarship, with hard
> > meaning perceived as being more scientific,
>
> What is _that_ supposed to mean?
>
> A more scientific science?
>

The term “soft science” is sometimes used to refer to branches of
scientific inquiry which rely more on conjecture and qualitative
analysis than rigorous adherence to the scientific method. “Soft
science” is often used as a pejorative, differentiating it from “hard
science,” with the implication that only hard science is real
science. A number of fields could be considered soft science,
including the social sciences, psychology, and anthropology, although
in fact these fields represent a mix of hard and soft science.

In hard science, the focal point is experiments. Researchers set up
experiments which can be carefully controlled and reproduced, and they
use these experiments to test a hypothesis, collecting data which can
be analyzed in a variety of ways to gather information about the
outcome of the experiment. Hard science relies on direct observation,
and prides itself on being as balanced and unbiased as possible. The
goal is to get to the facts above all else.

Soft science may or may not involve experiments, depending on the
field, and the experiments may be harder to control or reproduce.
Psychological studies, for example, have a number of variables which
cannot be controlled, making it difficult to analyze the data from
such experiments, or to ask other researchers to repeat the
experiment. This branch of the sciences utilizes conjecture and a more
open-ended discussion, rather than sticking to clearly defined
boundaries, facts, and topics, and conjectures in soft science may be
unprovable with experiments and other research.

Psychology is often used as an example of soft science. Some branches
of psychology certainly do tend in the soft direction, since this
science involves the exploration of the human mind, consciousness, and
other slippery topics. However, psychologists have also managed to
stage very successful experiments to test hypotheses, and these
experiments have been clearly replicable, demonstrating all the traits
of hard science.

Some people suggest that the boundary between soft and hard science is
largely artificial, and that the differences between the two may be
exaggerated. Some scientists agree with this point of view, preferring
to differentiate between good and bad science rather than hard and
soft science, and pointing out that many of the alleged “hard
sciences,” like physics, rely on vast leaps of logic and conjecture,
especially at the higher levels. Had Einstein been limited by the
confines of hard science, for example, he might never have come up
with this Theory of Relativity, since the theory involved a great deal
of conjecture and a scientific leap of faith when he first came up
with it.

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-soft-science.htm

Hard Science vs. Soft Science

It is customary to divide sciences into two categories, hard and soft
sciences - examples of hard sciences are physics and astronomy, while
ecology and psychology are often classified as soft sciences.

One group of sciences is also distinguished by strict and rigorous
scientific standards, and close attention to formal standards for
hypothesis formulation and testing. The other sciences take a much
more informal approach, basically taking the view that if it works,
use it.

The strict school is of course the one corresponding to, and
responsible for, the soft sciences. Physicists and their ilk tend to
be guided by the observation of Albert Einstein that Nature is subtle
but not malicious ("Raffiniert is der Herrgott, aber boshaft ist er
nicht"), so they feel justified in using anything they can come up
with to unravel the subtleties and ferret out Nature's secrets
(Stephen Hawking on the other hand said that "Not only does God play
dice with the universe, but sometimes he throws them where they cannot
be seen," which justifies even more devious methods of scientific
investigation). The strict school will have none of this - what
matters is being scientific, not doing science. That is how they keep
the soft sciences soft. By setting absurd standards that discourage
creative thinking they inhibit our ability to understand the natural
world, and thus maintain a sterile respectability.

Speculation is part of science. Research that is not guided by
hypothesis testing is the only way to make serendipitous discoveries.
For example, who would have dared to hypothesize the existence of deep-
sea vent communities fuelled by sulpher-eating bacteria, or funded the
research to test such a radical and speculative hypothesis?

Fortunately many scientists pay only lip service to the formal
approach, and focus on knowledge, which is the real meaning of
"science" (from the Latin root for knowing - in other languages the
usage is the same, as with the German "Wissenschaft"). I once attended
a lecture by a very severe Professor who had his students analyse 400
papers in the scientific literature, finding that only two of them
followed "correct" scientific procedure. This is good news, since it
means that 99.5% of scientists (398/400) disagree with him.

Even so, the followers of Karl Popper have an impact and their ability
to impede the progress of science should not be underestimated.
Whenever a potentially useful principle raises its head in the soft
sciences there will be those ready to smack it into the ground, as
criticisms of the Competitive Exclusion Principle show.

http://bill.silvert.org/notions/ecology/hardsoft.htm

> That reasoning goes in a circular circle.
>
> What they mean is "lots of [explicit] math" or "more [explicit]
> calculations."
>
> > rigorous,
>
> Physicists must go to parochial school with old school nuns making
> sure they get back from recess on time!
>
> > or accurate.
>
> As stated below, lots of sig figs . . .
>
> That's _all_ they mean or can mean by "hard" science.
>
> > Fields of the natural or physical sciences are often described as
> > hard, while the social sciences and similar fields are often described
> > as soft.  The hard sciences are characterized as relying on
> > experimental, empirical, quantifiable data,
>
> Hard sciences would certainly be more theoretical than soft sciences,
> in other words, _less_ empirical.
>
> Einstein didn't conduct any empirical studies whatsoever before
> writing the most important "hard" science paper of the 20th Century.
>
> Softer sciences like biology and medicine are more empirical.  If they
> are doing meta studies it's not a hard science.
>
> > relying on the scientific
> > method, and focusing on accuracy and objectivity.  Publications in the
> > hard sciences such as natural sciences make heavier use of graphs than
> > soft sciences such as sociology, according to the graphism thesis.
> >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science
>
> A nearly worthless article.
>
> > > I mentioned sig figs in "hard" vs epidemiological studies in "soft."
>
> > > Before Galileo there was no distinction.
>
> > > Some believe Galileo made science into a science.

From: Immortalist on
On Jul 13, 6:28 pm, Shrikeback <shrikeb...(a)gmail.com> wrote:
> On Jul 13, 5:38 pm, Bret Cahill <Bret_E_Cah...(a)yahoo.com> wrote:
>
> > Softer sciences like biology and medicine are more empirical.  If they
> > are doing meta studies it's not a hard science.
>
> Idiot.  Biology and medicine _are_ hard sciences.
> Soft sciences are those fields of study that have
> some of the accoutrements of sciences but really
> aren't sciences, so we put them in the School of
> Humanities.  You know, such as psychology and
> sociology.

Actually social sciences are beginning to be viewed as hard sciences
as methodologies and maths have evolved greatly. This really happened
a couple of decades ago. If you see any textbooks on social science
research methods and methodology take a closer look, the stuff is
getting as good as chemistry. The change of the soft sciences to the
hard is philosophically an example of how all science is the best of
human reasoning.

This is another one of those instances where people hold onto old and
tired views that don't apply anymore. As if things never really
change. Weak.
From: Bret Cahill on
> > Softer sciences like biology and medicine are more empirical.  If they
> > are doing meta studies it's not a hard science.
>
> Idiot.  Biology and medicine _are_ hard sciences.

What about dowsing?

You have any more Lyndon LaRouche links to dowsers?


Bret Cahill